Jak się dzieli na sylaby?

Czy zna ktoś jakieś dobre strony, na których opisane są reguły dzielenia na sylaby fonetyczne i ortograficzne albo ma jakieś własne notatki lub informacje?

Try a good English-English dictionary, e.g. Longman, where each headword is divided into separate syllables. There is one golden rule: in English a syllable contains only one vowel sound. (Note that there is a difference between a vowel letter and vowel sound.)

Does IPA symbols correspond to alphabetical letters? Is there a pattern? I'm sure Merriam Webster system do. I'm asking this question becuase I wonder if one can split words into ortographic syllabes if one know IPA transcription.

Do IPA symbols * Merriam Webster system does *

Does IPA symbols correspond to alphabetical letters? Is there a pattern?

Not necessarily. Some do, especially those of consonants, some don't, mostly vowels. For example, b, d, l, m or n do, but most vowels symbols, especially diphthongs don't. Anyway, you can try use the pronunciation symbols used in The New Penguin English Dictionary (2000 edition), where Latin characters are used to represent sounds in English, e.g. 'ah' for 'a' in 'father', 'aw' for 'o' in 'horn'/'awful' etc.

BTW, the phonology of modern English is a sort of minefield, so good luck.