Cytat: krzychu1988r
W związku z tym czy mógłby ktoś fachowo wyjaśnić tę kwestię? Serdecznie dziękuję.
I could try to help your intuition by giving you examples of usage, but you will have a hard time (a hard time is a countable abstract; can time be hard?) understanding my commentary.
I suggest you try getting answers to some basic questions:
1. What are abstract nouns? There are at least two types: (i) those that are located in time and are said to occur or take place rather than exist, and (ii) those "truly" abstract, timeless and absolute, such as concepts, ideas, considerations, etc. The answer to (1) should justify the effort of finding answers to the rest on the list. If it doesn't, doing something else might be a good idea.
2. What is the notion of (un)boundedness? This is a fundamental cognitive concept. It will help you get a sense of (un)contability of nouns as conceptualizations of referents denoted. It will also help you to figure out many other grammatical problems, for example English tense usage. (You could see verbs as bounded and unbounded too.) Some proper names require the article
the--you may get an idea why. The bareness of coordinated nouns will become obvious to you too. The concept is really fundamental.
3. What is the difference between the three: (i) lexical meaning of a noun (aka type in Cognitive Grammar), (ii) semantics of a noun (meaning of a nominal at the sentence level), and (iii) sense of a noun (that’s what the speaker means to say). (N.B.: CG's type is not to be confused with sortal noun and generic kind.)
4. What is CDS (Current Discourse Space) in Cognitive Grammar. What is the (language, cultural) universe and what are universals? How new instances are introduced into CDS? How universals/kinds are referred to inside CGS?
5. What are abstract nouns? This is a repeat question. Do they have to be overtly modified to bound them into a new ontological status from abstract uncount to abstract count or even concrete count. Some of them are flexible enough and need no modification. Those are often called polysemous (e.g. education, knowledge), even though they don't have to be considered as such.
Reading typical pedagogical grammars will get you nowhere.
I gave you a compact answer a few of days ago.