One notable exception that comes to mind is "sports" (not "sport") meaning "sportowy", e.g. a sports car, a sports club (although it's not an exception per se, but one could say it doesn't follow the pattern).
Also in pluralia tantum (when there is no singular form of a noun), e.g. an arms dealer/war.
An interesting insight: http://tinyurl.com/63a29pf